Part II. Temperature Measurement of Flames by Means of the Line-Reversal Method

ABSTRACT:  Using the theory developed in Part I, flame temperatures for various fireworks compositions have been measured by means of line-reversal of the Na-D lines. (1) For low flame temperature compositions: Compositions that contain combustible organic materials (i.e., shellac, rosin, pine root pitch, etc.) are commonly used in ordinary fireworks. The author prepared various combinations …
Continue reading Part II. Temperature Measurement of Flames by Means of the Line-Reversal Method

Part I. A Theoretical Development of the Line-Reversal Method for Flame Temperature Measurement

ABSTRACT:  A fireworks flame generally contains many solid or liquid particles, which cause a continuous spectrum. In order to apply the linereversal method of temperature measurement to such flames, the author introduced a theoretical equation, which denotes the ratio of the intensity of the resonance lines to that of the neighboring part of the spectrum …
Continue reading Part I. A Theoretical Development of the Line-Reversal Method for Flame Temperature Measurement

Chapter 9 — Discussion and Conclusion

Tests of bursting warimono shells that were manufactured under various conditions were conducted on the ground, and the position of moving stars were analyzed by a photographic method. To make the analysis easy, ring star shells were employed as test shells. The results showed the quantitative relations among design factors, which were not clear until …
Continue reading Chapter 9 — Discussion and Conclusion

Chapter 8 — Examples of Designing Chrysanthemum shells

8.1 Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Values The accuracy of the empirical equation for the initial velocity of a star was examined in Section 6.5.5. The accuracy of flight velocity can be examined by the probability deviations of the constant n' and log vo. Therefore, the author only compared the results obtained from the empirical …
Continue reading Chapter 8 — Examples of Designing Chrysanthemum shells

Chapter 6 — Formulae for Calculating the Velocity of Stars

First, the author studied the law of motion of stars in the air. The velocity of stars at distant points from the shell burst was then related to the initial velocity of each star. The conditions that produced these initial velocities were investigated, and from this information, equations useful in the designing of shells were …
Continue reading Chapter 6 — Formulae for Calculating the Velocity of Stars

Chapter 5 — Supplementary Experiments: Measurement of the Burn Velocity of Burst Charges and Stars in the Normal Atmosphere

To obtain these data, the 16-mm movie camera was used. A Black Powder pasted paper strip was arranged on a piece of metal mesh. Grains of burst charge, or stars, were arranged on the strip at intervals of about 5 cm, and the paper strip was ignited at one end. The grains or stars ignited …
Continue reading Chapter 5 — Supplementary Experiments: Measurement of the Burn Velocity of Burst Charges and Stars in the Normal Atmosphere

Chapter 4 — Method for Experiments on Shell Burst, Preparation and Preliminary Calculations

4.1. Experimental Method Three types of bursting charge were prepared: a) potassium perchlorate b) black powder c) potassium chlorate The stars were made with potassium perchlorate as the oxidizer. Sample 5- and 6-inch chrysanthemum shells were prepared with these materials. The shells were reinforced by pasting them with Japanese or Kraft paper. The samples were …
Continue reading Chapter 4 — Method for Experiments on Shell Burst, Preparation and Preliminary Calculations

Chapter 3 — Problems in Designing Chrysanthemum Shellspj

In manufacturing chrysanthemum shells, most of the effort of fireworkers has been directed towards obtaining a certain number of ‘petals’ and at the same time obtaining a large flower radius. In this paper the author evaluates the fundamental conditions required to meet these objectives. The problems are two-fold. The first problem is the initial velocity …
Continue reading Chapter 3 — Problems in Designing Chrysanthemum Shellspj